您需要将条件移至ON：
-- ...
SELECT
[Period] = CONVERT(VARCHAR(4),YEAR(d.d)) +'-'+ CONVERT(VARCHAR(2), MONTH(d.d)),
QtyTotal = ISNULL(SUM(o.QEXIT),0)
FROM d LEFT OUTER JOIN VE_STOCKTRANS AS o
ON o.TRANSDATE >= d.d
AND o.TRANSDATE < DATEADD(MONTH, 1, d.d)
AND STOCKID = 6000 AND TRANSTYPE = 3553 -- here
GROUP BY d.d
ORDER BY d.d;
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